Kickout stations are those with dangerously-short distances from their undock port(s) to the nearest edges of their 500 m docking radii.
"Undock Runway" in the chart is how far your ship can coast after undocking before it exits the docking radius.
Distances yoinked from Larenon en Marland's Station Cyno Placement Guide. I checked stations which postdate the guide and corrected two (details in Notes).
Hover a name in the Station Type column for a popup image.

How to Determine a Station's Type (click to show/hide)

If you are in space in its solar system: find the Type column on the Overview. You can then Control + F its type on this page.
If you're docked in the station: left-click it in the Solar System panel then left-click its portrait for a 3D preview window which displays the Type.
If you're not in its solar system: search for the station (or just its solar system) using either the integrated or the Route search tool, then:

right-click the station in the results and select Show Info then click its image to see its type.

More ways to access Show Info (EVE is a crufty old thing):

Right-click a station in the Solar System Map, the zoomed-in Universe map, or any other window where it appears (e.g. Industry, The Agency, etc).
If you have the station set as a waypoint or destination: right-click its little hollow box route symbol.

Note: Solar Systems' Show Info windows also have a stations tab.

Notes (click to show/hide)

Terminology clarification: stations are NPC-controlled dockable entities.

You can be destroyed anywhere near stations in space of any security level. Consider making instant-dock & undock bookmarks for stations you frequent.
The eight dockable player-owned structures (e.g. Astrahus, Fortizar) offer tethering (if cored and non-abandoned) but still have docking radii, beyond which tether breaks.

If you are AFK on tether, your ship can be bumped off tether and then destroyed. Dock up if AFK. Deep-tether bookmarks are also useful on structures you frequent.

Stations and structures are also distinct from player-owned starbases aka POS. These all have related functions/roles, but they are not the same.

The color schemes of stations vary to match the colors of their NPC corporation owners. Stations' shapes & docking ranges are consistent regardless of coloration.
The Caldari Military & Mining stations use the same model. Larenon's guide says their docking ranges differ. I tested that; they don't: Military vs Mining.

I have not verified any other stations except the Jita Trade Hub and Paragon Fulfillment Center, which postdate Larenon's guide. The rest seem roughly correct, at least.

I didn't test each of the Jita Trade Hub's undock portals (ain't nobody got time f'that) but they shouldn't be much different than the central port.

The Jita Trade Hub is, to my knowledge, the only station with multiple undock portals.

I am in the process of testing four other NPC stations and all the structures. I may or may not finish this project.